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American Heritage Medical Dictionary 

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Cabarrus MC, Ambekar A, Lu Y, Link TM. MRI and CT of insufficiency fractures of the pelvis and the proximal femur. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191(4):995-1001. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3714

Cahir JG, Toms AP. Regional migratory osteoporosis. Eur J Radiol. 2008;67(1):2-10. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.01.051

Chan SS, Rosenberg ZS, Chan K, Capeci C. Subtrochanteric femoral fractures in patients receiving long-term alendronate therapy: imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(6):1581-1586. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3588

Chowchuen P, Resnick D. Stress fractures of the metatarsal heads. Skeletal Radiol. 1998;27(1):22-25. doi:10.1007/s002560050329

Dihlmann W. CT analysis of the upper end of the femur: the asterisk sign and ischaemic bone necrosis of the femoral head. Skeletal Radiol. 1982;8(4):251-258. doi:10.1007/BF02219619

Downey DJ, Simkin PA, Taggart R. The effect of compressive loading on intraosseous pressure in the femoral head in vitro. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70(6):871-877.

Duncan H, Frame B, Frost HM, Arnstein AR. Migratory osteolysis of the lower extremities. Ann Intern Med. 1967;66(6):1165-1173. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-66-6-1165

Fujioka M, Kubo T, Nakamura F, et al. Initial changes of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of femoral head in fat suppression images: bone marrow edema was not found before the appearance of band patterns. Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;19(7):985-991. doi:10.1016/s0730-725x(01)00424-6

Frobell RB, Roos HP, Roos EM, et al. The acutely ACL injured knee assessed by MRI: are large volume traumatic bone marrow lesions a sign of severe compression injury?. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16(7):829-836. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2007.11.003

Gigena LM, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Pfirrmann CW, Sung MS, Resnick D. Transient bone marrow edema of the talus: MR imaging findings in five patients. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(4):202-207. doi:10.1007/s00256-001-0466-8

Goergen TG, Resnick D, Riley RR. Post-traumatic abnormalities of the pubic bone simulating malignancy. Radiology. 1978;126(1):85-87. doi:10.1148/126.1.85

Gorbachova T, Melenevsky Y, Cohen M, Cerniglia BW. Osteochondral Lesions of the Knee: Differentiating the Most Common Entities at MRI. Radiographics. 2018;38(5):1478-1495. doi:10.1148/rg.2018180044

Hackney LA, Lee MH, Joseph GB, Vail TP, Link TM. Subchondral insufficiency fractures of the femoral head: associated imaging findings and predictors of clinical progression. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(6):1929-1941. doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3967-x

Hamada H, Takao M, Sakai T, Sugano N. Subchondral fracture begins from the bone resorption area in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a micro-computerised tomography study. Int Orthop. 2018;42(7):1479-1484. doi:10.1007/s00264-018-3879-x

Hindoyan KN, Lieberman JR, Matcuk GR Jr, White EA. A Precise and Reliable Method of Determining Lesion Size in Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Using Volumes. J Arthroplasty. 2020;35(1):285-290. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2019.05.039

Hussain ZB, Chahla J, Mandelbaum BR, Gomoll AH, LaPrade RF. The Role of Meniscal Tears in Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee: A Systematic Review of Suspected Etiology and a Call to Revisit Nomenclature. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(2):501-507. doi:10.1177/0363546517743734

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Ito H, Matsuno T, Minami A. Relationship between bone marrow edema and development of symptoms in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(6):1761-1770. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.0086

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Content reviewed: March 17, 2022