Interactive Transcript
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All right. So the first question that I see here is,
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"Are you interested in patella alta and baja?" Yeah, I am.
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I mean, the bottom line is that I think that patella alta can
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be a clue for patella maltracking, especially young people that have patellar
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maltracking disorders. So if there's a high riding patella,
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meaning that the Insall Salvati ratio is increased by more than 1.2,
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right? If you measure the longest axis of the patella on the sagittal plane,
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and if you come to the mid sagittal cut and you do the
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longest axis between the tibia tubercle and the inferior pole patella;
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if you divide those two numbers and it's more than 1.2,
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that's evidence that there's patella alta. And if there's other findings
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like patella tendinopathy, Edema Superolateral Hoffa's fat pad, that suggests
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that there could be a patellar maltracking disorder. Okay? So I am... And
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patella baja is when you have a low lying patella, which I don't
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think is as clinically relevant, but sometimes that can be an issue as
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well. Okay? What's the mechanism for a Wrisberg rip tear? Okay. I'm not
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a hundred... I think... Those are usually post traumatic. I don't know the
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exact mechanism, so I don't wanna black pearl you guys. Okay?
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I'm not a 100% sure, but you're talking about the Ligament of Wrisberg and
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Ligament of Humphrey, right? So the Ligament of Wrisberg is that ligament
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that runs posterior to the cruciate ligaments, and they're the meniscofemoral
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ligaments. So it's like a tear along the very periphery
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where that ligament attaches. Usually they're post traumatic. They can be
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associated with joint capsule injuries. But I don't know the exact mechanism,
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so I don't wanna black pearl anyone here.
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How do we measure TT TG for patella maltracking and tilt? We can
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do that. Now, what I'm about to tell you is something that isn't
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followed by all musculoskeletal radiologists. So I wanna put that in there
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already. Okay? So I actually don't use TT TG on MRIs because there
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are studies that show that it's not as accurate as CT.
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So I actually only measure TT TG, tibial tubercle trochlear groove distance,
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on a CT examination. Now, some of my own colleagues at University of
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Maryland do do this on MRI. So again, there's a wide spectrum of
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people that think differently about this, but I personally don't measure
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this on an MRI examination. 'Cause I've found when I've corroborated with
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my orthopedic surgeons that we don't do a good job with quantifying this.
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But again, different people feel differently, right? But obviously we know
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that the TT TG, if it's between 1, 1.5, 1.52, it's
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more in line than more than 2, it's evidence of patella maltracking. I use
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the criteria that I just showed you, patellar Edema Superoleteral Hoffa's
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fat pad, patella tendinopathy, patella alta. And I also use the trochlear
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sulcus angle, which is a objective way you can test that there's now tracking.
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So the normally trochlear sulcus angle, if you measure it, if you measure
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the angle... If you go... If you triangulate your sagittal image,
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you go to the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus, you measure 3 centimeters
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above the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus and triangulate that
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with the trochlear at the patellofemoral joint space, you measure the angle
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of the trochlear; it should normally be about 138 plus or minus six. So
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it should go from anywhere from 132 degrees to 144 degrees.
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So if it's outside of that realm, that's objective evidence that there could
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be patellar maltracking. So that's actually, that's the way I measure it,
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by using the trochlear sulcus angle. I measure 3 centimeters above the anterior
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horn of the lateral meniscus. I triangulate that with the axial image of
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trochlear, and I measure the angle that's formed along the trochlear groove.
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And that should be 138 degrees plus or minus six. So anywhere from
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132 144. If it falls outside of that realm,
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I suggest that that there could be... That's subjective evidence that there
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could be patellar maltracking. I hope that satisfied your question.
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Are there other questions that I can help answer? Anyone at all have
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any questions about any of the cases that I showed?
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Again, bone marrow edema patterns, hugely important, right? Bone marrow
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edema patterns predict the soft... We actually talked... I showed you two
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of them. And we talked about two of them. So I showed you
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the acute patellar dislocation relocation. I showed you the pivot shift
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injury. We talked about the hyperextension and the dashboard injury. The
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one that I didn't mention was the clip injury. A clip injury is when
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you have marrow edema along both condyles, the medial femoral condyle and
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the lateral femoral condyle. When you start see microtrabecular contusion
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along the medial femoral condyle and the lateral femoral condyle, that's
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always associated with an ACL and MCL tear. ACL plus MCL.
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Okay? So that's the fifth type of classic bone marrow contusion pattern
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where the bone marrow contusion patterns predict the soft tissue structure
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that's injured. So just to review, since there's no questions, the pivot
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shift injury is when you have marrow edema along the anterior lateral femoral
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condyle, posterior lateral tibial plateau. And the soft tissue structure
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that's injured is the ACL, right? The acute patellar dislocation relocation,
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which is the second type, is when you have marrow edema along the anterior
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lateral femoral condyle and inferior medial patellar, and the soft tissue
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structure that's injured is the medial retinaculum. That's number two, right?
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The third type is the hyper extension injury, where you have marrow edema
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along the anterior proximal tibia, anterior distal femur, and then both
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the ACL and the PCL are injured. Those are the soft tissue structures that
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are injured. That's number three. Number four is a dashboard injury where
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you have only marrow edema along the anterior proximal tibia. That's your
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microtrabecular contusion. And the soft tissue structure that's injured
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is the PCL. And then finally, the fifth one is a clip injury
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where you have marrow edema along the femoral condyles, the medial femoral
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condyle and the lateral femoral condyle, and the soft tissue structure that's
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injured is the ACL and the MCL. Okay? And I just wanna say
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a thing about meniscal tears 'cause I think meniscal tears are very confusing.
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We kinda classify them based on their orientation, right? So
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it's either gonna be horizontal or vertical based on whether they are running
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parallel or perpendicular to the tibial plateau. If they're parallel to
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the tibial plateau, that's a horizontal meniscal tear. If it's vertical
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to the... Or, I mean, excuse me. If it's perpendicular to the tibial plateau,
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it's a vertical tear. Vertical tears have other types. You can have a
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vertical longitudinal tear, you can have a vertical radial tear, you can
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have a vertical oblique tear, right? So a vertical longitudinal tear is
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one that's perpendicular to the tibial plateau, but parallel to the long
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axis of the meniscus. Parallel to the long... That's a vertical longitudinal
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tear. That's a tear that I showed you, that's the last case that
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I showed you, right? That vertical longitudinal tear. A vertical radial
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tear, which was the second case that I showed you, is a vertical
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tear because it's perpendicular to the tibial plateau, but it's also perpendicular
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to the long axis of the meniscus. That's what makes it a radial
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tear. And that's why it's different than a vertical longitudinal tear. A
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vertical oblique tear is also perpendicular to the tibial plateau, but it
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sort of runs obliquely with respect to the long axis of the meniscus on
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an axial image, right? It kind of runs obliquely, the Parrot beak tear.
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That's an oblique tear. Okay? And then a complex tear is a combination
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of a vertical and a horizontal, or a combination of different types.
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Okay? So that... I hope that gives some clarification to meniscal...
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How we classify meniscal tears. So I wanted to show you guys five
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high yield cases of bone marrow contusion patterns and how they predict
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soft tissue structures and also meniscal tears. Because I find that to be
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very complicated for residents to understand, even my fellows to understand
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and, quite frankly, even attendings, we... There's five Muslim gospel attendings
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at University of Maryland, and we kind of describe meniscal tears somewhat
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differently. So there is consensus based on things that have been published
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in AJR and things like that. But that's, I think... The understanding that
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I just bestowed upon you guys is, I think,
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the mainstream understanding of meniscal pathology and meniscal tear and
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how we describe it. Any questions for me?
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Man, the last time I did this, or when I did the noon
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conference, there were like... I couldn't even get through all the questions,
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and now there's only two questions, so that's great. That's fantastic.
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Well, I appreciate that. If there's no other questions, I'm happy to end
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one or two minutes. Please feel free to email me if you have
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any questions. Okay? I'm gonna put my email in the chat here.
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If you have any questions about any of the content here today, I'm
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happy to answer questions. It's been a real pleasure and honor
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to give this talk today. And thank you to Dr. Collins,
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Ashley and Paul for allowing me to speak on challenging MSK MRI cases.
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Thank you so much.
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